flame-cut, concrete, corroded, etc.) and/or the fluid is fast flowing, an additional factor should be applied, see Drag, 2) above. Where the surface finish is of considerably poorer quality than cast, machined, forged, etc. the depth of surface irregularities, is applied in Added Drag as a ratio of surface roughness to a representative sectional dimension 'D'. Added Mass & Drag Calculator - Technical Help Surface Condition Like Drag, Added Mass is also influenced by shape (see 3) above) and proximity (see 4) above) and can be accommodated with suitable factors. Again, the amount of disruption will be dependent to some extent on the viscosity of the fluid (and hence its Reynolds number). Note: Volume (described above) should be interpreted as volume per unit lengthДЎ) Actual displaced mass: This is a volume of fluid exactly equal to the volume of the body displacing it ( Fig 1 Volume 2) and its coefficient is equal to 1.0, which Ci would also equal if the body was stationary.Дў) Added Mass (Ca): As soon as the body moves, however, there will be an additional mass of fluid ( Fig 1 Volume 3) disrupted by the actual displaced mass ( Fig 1 Volume 2). This total value comprises two parts ( Fig 1 Volume 2 + Volume 3): Virtual mass describes the total expected mass of disrupted fluid as an immersed body travels through it. Close Boundary Effect Inertia Coefficient (virtual mass) (Ci)

Numerous shape coefficients are used in Added Drag for the force calculations of common structural sections (circular, rectangular, etc.) accounting for the effects of drag (Cd), and suitable factors are applied to these coefficients to include the effects of normal surface condition and obstruction proximity.ДЇig 3. Separation ('h') greater than 'd' will have minimal effect on drag. Fig 3 'd') the resistance will increase up to a maximum when the two surfaces make contact and the flow around one side of the body is totally prevented. It is expected that where gaps ( Fig 3 'h') are less than the principal sectional dimension of a body (e.g. However, as all fluids have resistance to shear and there is no such thing as a frictionless surface, forces on a body from relative movement in a fluid will always be influenced by both shape and surface condition.Д¤) Free-Flow: If a body is placed close to a structure sufficiently large and solid to prevent fluid flowing freely around all sides, such as a seabed or wall ( Fig 3), fluid shear resistance will increase. Where Cd' is the modified drag coefficient and Ж’ is Colebrook's friction factorДЈ) Shape: If a perfectly smooth body is passed through a fluid with no resistance to shear, the shape of the body would have no influence on drag, which would be zero under such circumstances.

Drag and Reynolds Number RelationhipДў) Surface roughness: A smooth surface has a much smaller surface area than a rough surface, therefore, resistance to fluid shear (see 1) above) will also be considerably less.ДЇor clean machined, forged or painted surfaces in relatively good condition, there is no need to apply an additional coefficient of friction to 'Cd'.ДЇor badly pitted and/or corroded surfaces or very fast/turbulent flow conditions, it is usual to apply an additional factor thus However, as most practical applications produce Reynolds numbers considerably higher than this, its use for solving practical engineering problems is limited.ДЇig 2. For example, you will find many references to the graph provided in Fig 2, which is valid for Reynolds numbers up to 1E6 and from which a linear relationship can be derived up to 100. There are four fundamental influences in the amount of drag experienced:ДЎ) Resistance to shear in the fluid: Which can be established using the Reynolds number (see CalQlata's Fluid Numbers calculator) if your operational conditions fall within the parameters of relevant experimental work.

Drag Coefficient (Cd)Дrag on the body comes from the interface between its surface and the resistance to shear of the fluid in which it is immersed.

This resistance is the force induced on a submerged body (see CalQlata's Fluid Forces) and is defined by its shape and surface quality.ДЄdded Drag determines the Drag and Inertia shape coefficients that may be used to calculate such forces. Movement of a body through a fluid ( Fig 1) will be resisted by ДЄ) Drag: friction at the 'Body-Fluid' interfaceД«) Inertia: the mass of fluid displaced by the body

Orcaflex seabed friction coefficients